TERJEMAHAN RESEPI MASAKAN
GRILLED QUAIL
I love these sweet and meaty quail, conker-shiny in their vaguely Chinesey marinade. As often as not, I broil them rather than grill them; even a blitz in a very hot oven will do. The thing is to marinate them for a good long time–at least 24 hours–so that they keep fleshy and juicy and meltingly tender no matter how brutally you cook them.
10 quail
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9 ounces (1 cup plus 2 tablespoons)
commercial hoisin sauce
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For the marinade:
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3 tablespoons rice vinegar
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½ cup soy sauce
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2-inch piece fresh ginger, minced
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6 tablespoons roasted sesame oil
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2 cloves garlic, minced
juice of 1 orange
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You need the quail to be butterflied which is, given their poor little frail bones, a very easy job. First trim their wing tips with a pair of kitchen shears or, frankly, scissors, then cut along both sides of the backbone, remove it, and squish each quail down flat.
Mix all the ingredients for the marinade in a large measuring cup, whisk to mix, then divide the mixture between to large freezer bags. Chuck in the flattened quail, half in each, then tie up the bags; or you can simply lay the quail in a couple of dishes, pour the marinade over and cover with plastic wrap. Leave in the refrigerator for at least 24 hours; 48 wouldn’t hurt.
Make sure you take them out of the refrigerator in enough time to get to room temperature before you cook them. They shouldn’t need more than 10 minutes on a hot grill, under a hot broiler or in a very hot oven.
Serve 4–5.
PUYUH PANGGANG
Saya suka kemanisan dan daging burung puyuh yang gemuk, berkilau-kilat dalam kaburan pengasam gaya cina. Seringkali tidak, saya lebih gemar membakar berbanding memanggangnya; masih boleh dibuat walaupun kilat dalam ketuhar yang sangat panas. Perkara tersebut adalah untuk memasaknya bagi masa yang lama sekurang-kurangnya 24-jam supaya dapat kesegaran daging yang berair dan lembut tidak kira bertapa teruk anda memasaknya.
10 ekor burung puyuh
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9 auns (1 cawan ditambah 2 sudu besar)
Sos hois komersial
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Untuk pengasam:
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3 sudu makan cuka beras
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½ cawan kicap
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2-inci halia segar, cicangkannya
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6 sudu makan minyak wijen
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2 ulas bawang putih, 1 oren jus yang diperah
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Anda memerlukan burung puyuh untuk menjadi kembang seperti rama-rama, memandangkan tulang mereka lemah, menjadikan kerja lebih mudah. Pertama memotong bahagian sayap mereka dengan sepasang gunting dapur atau, terus terang, gunting, kemudian potong di kedua-dua belah tulang belakang. Keluarkannya, dan penyekkan setiap puyuh ke bawah rata.
Campurkan semua ramuan untuk pengasam dalam cawan ukuran yang besar, memukul untuk campur, kemudian bahagikan campuran kepada dua beg beku besar. Letakkan di puyuh yang rata itu, setengah di setiap bahagian, kemudian ikat beg; atau anda boleh meletakkan puyuh dalam beberapa hidangan, tuangkan pengasam dan tutup dengan balutan plastik. Biarkan di dalam peti sejuk selama 24 jam; 48 supaya tidak mudah rosak.
Pastikan anda membawanya keluar dari peti sejuk dalam masa yang cukup untuk sampai ke suhu bilik sebelum anda memasaknya. Tidak perlu lebih daripada 10 minit di atas panggangan panas, di bawah pemanggang yang panas atau dalam ketuhar yang sangat panas.
Hidangan 4-5 orang
Blibiografi
2019, kajian Wacana dan Strategi Kominikasi Teori dan Aplikasi
Normaliza Abd Rahim
TEORI ANALISIS WACANA BROWN & YULE (1983)
Brown & Yule (1983) telah menyenaraikan empat elemen wacana. Elemen tersebut meliputi elemen pra-andaian, implikatur, rujukan dan inferens. Brown & Yule (1983) juga menyatakan bahawa wacana boleh dianalisis melalui kajian teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi.
Pra-andaian
Pra-andaian merupakan pragmatik. Pra-andaian ini telah dipilih berdasarkan anggapan dan andaian kepada apa yang mungkin akan diterima oleh pendengar tanpa rintangan.
Implikatur
Implikatur merupakan pandangan atau yang berkemungkinan. Cadangan atau makna penutur/penulis adalah berbeza dengan apa yang mereka katakan. Implikatur berbentuk implikasi konvensional. Penulis/penulis tidak memberitahu bahawa imej tertentu disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri lain.
Rujukan
Penutur berunding dengan menggunakan ungkapan yang sesuai dan menggabugkan dengan ungkapan berbentuk rundingan. Rujukan adalah sesuatu yang dilakukan oleh seseorang dengan menggunakan ungkapan.
Inferens
Inferens menunjukkan usaha membuat kesimpulan. Selain itu, inferens menjelaskan ujaran atau hubungan antara ujaran. Pelbagai andaian telah dihasilkan dalam beberapa andaian dan kesimpulan.
Teori Stubbs ( 1983) memfokuskan kepada linguistik wacana.
1. Pendekatan linguistik wacana
2. Kebolehanramalan
3. Tatabahasa
4. Intuisi tentang urutan wacana
5. Fonotatik
6. Kebolehramalan
7. Kebolehramalan dan idealisasi
8. Kawalan struktur bermaksud
9. Wacana conacial dan idealisasi
10. Analogi
11. Kesimpulan
TEORI ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS (VANDIJK,1977)
Struktur Makro
Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu teks
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Superstruktur
12. Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan
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Struktur Mikro
Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks
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Rajah 1 : Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oelh vanDijk (1997)
Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis ( Fairclough, 1995)
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Analisis Tekstual
Tatabahasa
l Tema
Leksikal
l Metafora
Kohesi
l Pengulangan
l Konjusi
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Analisis Wacana Praktis
Intertektuali
l Pra-andaian
l Metawacana
l Penafian
Interdiskusi
l Naratif
l Perbahasan
l Ekspositori
l Luahan ( expressive)
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Analisis Praktis Sosial
Ekonomi
Pendidikan
Politik
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Rajah 2 : Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)
Prinsip Tannen (1987) terhadap kesopanan dalam wacana adalah seperti berikut:
1. Ekspresi formal (imej positif dan negatif)
2. Strategi kesopanan
3. Pilihan strategi (directness and indirectness)
4. Senyap (metamessage)
STRATEGI KESOPANAN
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Bald on-record
Contoh:
Bersedia!
Dengar sini…
Berikan saya bakul besar itu.
Lampu itu bewarna hijau.
Jemput masuk.
Jemput makan.
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Kesopanan Positif
Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong?
Boleh saya pinjam seratus ringgit?
Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan.
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Kesopanan Negatif
Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungking!
Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu.
Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan?
Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan.
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Off-record
Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini.
Mahal betul harga kasut di sini.
Cantik baju kamu.
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Rajah 3 : Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)
Johnstone (2002) pula mengatakan bahawa pendekatan wacana dibahagiakan kepada beberapa bahagian.
1. Perkataan dan baris
2. Perenggan dan episod
3. Wacana skemata dan struktur naratif
4. Susuanan perbualan
5. Organisasi ayat
6. Kohesi
7. Struktur dan peraturan
Pendekatan Analisis Wacana
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2016b)
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PRA-ANDAIAN
1. Intuisi
2. Konteks
l Penerimaan/penafian
l Keperluan
l Perujukan
l Anafora
l Pengulangan
l Kekaburan
l penegasan
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EMOSI
1. Positif
2. Negatif
3. Emosi
Bercampur
l Perangai
l Personaliti
l Mood
l Motivasi
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NILAI DAN BUDAYA
1. Diri
2. Masyarakat
3. Adat
l Juur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih sayang, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kederhanaan
l Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan
l Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional
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BAHASA
1. Bahasa pertama/kedua/ketiga
2. Formal/tidak formal
3. Kesalahan bahasa
4. linguitsik
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INFERENS
1. Rumusan keseluruhan
2. Rumusan topik perbincangan
3. Penutup kata
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Rajah 4 : pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
Terdapat tiga elemen dalam teori analisis wacana iaitu kandungan, konteks dan andaian (Rajah 5)
Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018)
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Kandungan
1. Tema
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Konteks
1. Tatabahasa
2. Latar
3. Emosi
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Andaian
1. Pendapat
2. Perujukan
3. Persoalan
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Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana
Blibiography
2019, Discourse Studies and Theory of Application Theory and Application
Normaliza Abd Rahim |
BROWN & YULE THEORY OF THE ANALYSIS (1983)
Brown & Yule (1983) have listed four elements of discourse. These elements include pre-rules, implications, references and inferences. Brown & Yule (1983) also state that discourse can be analyzed through the study of text, writing, speech and interaction.
Pre-love
Predictions are pragmatic. The pre-selection was selected based on the opinion and understanding of what the uninterrupted listener might receive.
Implicit
Implicit is the view or the possibility. The suggestions or meanings of the speakers / writers are different from what they say. Implicit in the form of conventional immigration. The author / author does not state that some images are caused by other features.
References
Speakers negotiate using appropriate expressions and combine them with consultative expressions. Referrals are something that someone does using expressions.
Inference
Inference The inference indicates an attempt to draw a conclusion. In addition, inference describes words or relationships between words. Various assumptions have been made in several assumptions and conclusions. Stubbs's theory (1983) focuses on the linguistic discourse.
Stubbs's theory (1983) focuses on the linguistic discourse.
1. Linguistic approach to discourse
2. .Persitability
3. Services
4. Inquiry about the order of discourse
5. Phonotics
6. Definition
7. Reduction and idealization
8. Structural control means
9. Conferencing and idealization
10. Analogy
11. Conclusion
THEORY OF CRITICAL WISDOM ANALYSIS (VANDIJK, 1977)
Macro Structure
The global meaning of a text that is observable from the topic / theme of a text
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Superstructure
The outline of a text such as the introductory section, content, conclusion and conclusion
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Micro Structure
The local meaning of a text is observable from the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text
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Figure 1: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by vanDijk (1997)
Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 1995)
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Extual Analysis
Grammar
l EmaTheme
Lexical
l lMethods
Cohesion
l lReturns
l Conjugation
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Practical Discourse Analysis
Except
l lProblem
l lMy friends
l l Disclaimer
Interdiscussion
l Native
l News
l Expository
l Expressive
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Social Practical Analysis
Economy
Education
Politics
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Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
Tannen's (1987) principles of decency in discourse are as follows:
1. Formal expression (positive and negative images)
2. The ethics of decency
3. Choice (directness and indirectness)
4. Small (metamessage)
STRATEGY OF MONEY
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Bald on record
Example:
Ready!
Listen…
Give me that big basket.
The light is green.
Please come in.
Eat some food.
| Positive decency
Example: You look good. Can I help? Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't mind.
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Negative Decency
Maybe he took the box, by the way!
Please give me the white plate.
Then a little instruction is not needed?
Removing empty bottles is not allowed.
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Off-record
Wow, it's getting cold in this room.
The price of shoes here is really expensive.
Your clothes are pretty.
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Figure 3: Strategies for Polity by Brown & Levinson (1987)
Johnstone (2002) argues that the discourse approach is divided into several parts.
1. Words and lines
2. Pages and episodes
3. Legative grammar and narrative structure
4. One conversation
5. Organization of verses
6. Funny
7. Structures and regulations
Discourse Analysis Approach
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2016b)
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PRA-ASSESSMENT
1 .Inquiry
2 .Contents
l Acceptance / disclaimer
l Requirements
l Requestations
l NaAfter
l lReturns
l lComplexity
l affirmation
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EMOSI
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Emotions
Mixed
l ErangCharacteristics
l lPersonality
l lMood
l l Motivation
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VALUE AND CULTURE
1. Self
2. Society
3. Adat
l UCharity, sincerity, kindness, love, crafts, gratitude, kindness
lGoodness,
l high quality, courage, physical and mental cleanliness, decency
l EadGoodness, freedom, rationality
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LANGUAGE
1. First / second / third language
2. Formal / informal
3. Language error
4. linguitsik
| INFERENCE
1. Overall summary
2. Summary of discussion topics
3. Closing words
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Figure 4: Normaliza Abd Rahim's Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)
There are three elements in discourse analysis theory namely content, context and assumptions (Figure 5)
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018) | ||
Content
1. Themes
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Context
1.Services
2. Background
3. Emotions
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Assumption
1. Opinions
2.References
3. Question
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Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana